Job Satisfaction in Organizational Psychology

Job Satisfaction in Organizational Psychology Job satisfaction can be known to some people as an important element in their lives. If an individual is unhappy with their occupation it may affect other parts of their life. Job satisfaction can be seen in what one wants in a job as to what one has in their current job. Definition of Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction can be defined as an attitude or feeling one can have toward ones job. Job satisfaction is â€Å"the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) in their jobs. Spector 1997) One of the biggest studies in job satisfaction was the Hawthorne studies which were credited to Elton Mayo in the year's nineteen twenty-four to nineteen fifty-three. Elton Mayo was from Harvard Business School who sought to find the effects of various conditions focusing on workers' productivity. His study showed that changes in work conditions temporarily increased productivity which is also known as the Hawthorne Effect. Some individuals may form an attitude towards their jobs by taking into account their feelings, beliefs and behavior.All these different factors can affect ones job satisfaction Example of Organizational Socialization and Job Satisfaction A great example of how organizational socialization goes a long way in ensuring job satisfaction is in the United States military. When a person decides to join any branch of the military there is a process in becoming a soldier. The organizational socialization that the military subjects the future soldiers to may be different than what goes on in the civilian world or any standard organization. Boot camp is the training that all soldiers must partake in and pass in order to become a soldier.Boot camp is where the United States will teach the individual civilians the behaviors, skills, functions, values, culture, and roles that must be learned before one can be considered a soldier (McKittrick, 1984). Once boot camp has been completed and the sold ier has passed both the physical and mental requirements, then this will have a major influence on the performance of the soldier (McKittrick, 1984). Completion of the formal socialization or boot camp will increase productivity, increases self assurance, self worth, self esteem, oyalty, and job satisfaction (McKittrick, 1984). The better and faster that a soldier or any new hire is socialized then in turn will have a trickledown effect and the higher level of organizational socialization will lead to higher levels of job satisfaction. Higher job satisfaction will then lead to higher retention by the company, thus saving the company or in this case the government money by decreasing turnover (McKittrick, 1984). For this reason the government normally offers cash bonuses to soldiers who wish to re-enlist in the military for.Explain the impact that organizational socialization has on job satisfaction? The impact of organizational socialization has on job satisfaction is factored on jo b performance. If an individual is not satisfied with the organizations core role, the individual will rebel when not given the proper answers to the demand. Organizations base performance results on individual workload. Workload is commonly known as the work given to an individual at a certain time frame. Workload can also be defined as a stress carrier and if the quantitative workload is not distribute properly.Organizational socialization is in charge of complying properly with the individuals needs to avoid issues as occupational stress (Jex, 2008). Motivation is the key to understanding and fulfilling the individual’s necessitations. Job satisfaction is impacted personal issues when in time can accumulate and develop stress. The individual's performance includes well being, motivation, and encouragement. Each organization hires different ethnicities, different cultures, and unique individuals. The organizational socializations goal is to find the key to each individual a nd promote job satisfaction.A goal setting atmosphere is preserved to the gravity of job satisfaction. When the individual has no motivation for success and looses interest in the commitment to the organization; results of failure in organization socialization (Jex, 2008). Job satisfaction comes from understanding the importance in commitment of the organization. Organizational socialization impacts the satisfaction and well being of the individual. The impact the individual leaves on the company’s success is the result of the job satisfaction of the organizations member. Commitment is the key of the organization.Motivation is what drives the individual to keep the company growing. The job satisfaction of the individual is the result of organizational socialization. Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction The relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction is significant. Job satisfaction can be defined as the extent to which pe ople like or dislike their jobs and organization commitment is a psychological state that determines the employees relationship with the organization and can determine how long an employee will stay with an organization.Researchers have determined there are three types of focuses that determine types of organizational commitment; affective, continuous, and normative. Affective commitment is the employee’s perception of how they feel about their organization and how they identify with their organization. Continuous commitment is the cost that employee feels that will be made is they stay or leave an organization. Normative commitment is the level of commitment an employee feels towards their organization. Job satisfaction is one of the most frequently measured organization variables.Organizations use these measurements to determine how satisfied their employees are and researchers use this information to determine if the job satisfaction or the lack of job satisfaction is a si tuational perspective or interactional perspective. Organizational commitment is critical to organizations due to the desire to retain a strong workforce. Organizations want to know why employees stay or leave their organizations so if correction is needed they have some tools to proceed with the correction. High turnover of employees in an organization can determine if an organization is successful or not.While turnover is related to all three areas of commitment researchers have determined that Affective commitment is one most associated with absenteeism and organizational citizenship (Williams J. 2004). Example on Organizational Commitment to Positively Impact Job Satisfaction At times employees go to work each day knowing they have to complete the daily task of doing so. Some individuals may not like their current job or what occupation they currently hold for one reason or another. At times, it may not be the fact they may not like their job, but the working conditions, policie s or even the people they make work with.Job satisfaction and organizational commitment are two of the most important roles people live with each and every day. Both may and can impact and individual's relationship whether it may be at work and dealing with family issues and may affect them with work depending the outcome of work situations and/or issues. In order for an employee to be able to be content and provide and excel in excellence in their daily job duties, some employers may suggest incentives. They may provide bonuses or time off for some employees doing well. This may help the employee keep doing better by working hard so they may receive the incentive.Some employers may offer alternate work schedules. This can help employees complete daily task and balance work with personal life so one may not interfere with the other. â€Å"Organizational commitment is a psychological state that (a) characterizes the employee's relationships with the organization and (b) has implicat ions for the decisions to continue membership in the organizations. † (Meyer and Allen 1994) This basically states if employees are happy working with the organization they will do well and if the employee is not happy with the organization it can affect the way they perform their daily duties for the organization.Some employers provided assistance with counseling in case an employee is having trouble or personal issues they may be dealing with that maybe affecting their job duties. This may help the employee resolve or take care of personal issues so they may feel up to par to continue with their work. The way on organization deals with policies and or rules and enforces them may also affect the way there employees are working. Employers may also have frequent meetings or mediation gatherings to ask employees opinions on what may be working or what may need to change to better employee's production.They may also provide different types of training to ensure all employees are taught the same and may be on the same page as everyone else and upper management. Job satisfaction is an important factor to think about since work is one of the main functions people all around the world experience each and every day. If one is satisfied performing their job duties each and every day they will work well and even improve some regular job functions.References Williams J. 2004), Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment, Sloan Work and Family, Research Network, Boston College, ttp://wfnetwork. bc. edu/encyclopedia_entry. php? id=244 Source: Jex, S. M, & Britt, T. W. (2008) Organizational Psychology. A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. Second Edition. Retrieved from uop McKittrick, R. B. (1984). An Analysis of Organizational Socialization in the Marine Corps. Retrieved from http://www. globalsecurity. org/military/library/report/1984/MRB. htm Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: How do you motivate employees? Harvard Busines

Space Exploration Advantages

For those who believe the costs of space exploration are greater than the benefits, George Delucas, an astronaut who flew on the 1992 Columbia mission, says, â€Å"There will always be people who would like to put an end to space travel, but I don’t think that is what our population wants or needs. Our county has always been about exploration and the pursuit of knowledge† (Delucas qtd. in Malick 3). This quote generalizes the attitude many Americans have toward the space program. When the Apollo 11 crew successfully landed on the moon, the crew and millions of Americans were filled with pride and a sense of accomplishment. What most citizens do not realize is how much knowledge and new technology the United States gained through Apollo 11 and the other space missions. Some of these citizens do not believe a vital need for the space program exists. To them, the space program is just a waste of money and human lives. The recent Columbia disaster that resulted in the loss of seven American lives only supports their argument. However, it is not possible way to measure the loss of life and money over the advances in knowledge, technology, and medicine. The only known fact is that the exploration of space has. Space exploration is a big part of American history and has been shrouded with controversy for years and years. Space exploration is defined as the investigation of physical conditions in space and on stars, planets, and their moons through the use of artificial satellites, space probes, and spacecraft with human crews (Whitehouse). From the space race with Russia to unmanned lunar probes, space exploration inspires and enlightens every person that comes in contact with it. One example of an inspiring event in space exploration was the Apollo project. The Apollo missions were quite possibly the most popular and publicized events in American history. The Apollo missions were often disastrous, successful, triumphant, and also neutral and routine. Throughout all the publicity and controversy space exploration will remain in American and world history forever and will continue to live in the heart of Man.

Rob Dyrdek

Rob Dyrdek is a guy who has had some tough times but has always had a great outlook on life and a great personality! I look up to this guy and wish to someday be like him! Dyrdek is an inspiring person do to his outlook on charities and how much he truly gives! â€Å"Change within a community comes when vision meets hard work and persistence† (Claudine Heizer. ) When he does something he is very determined to get it done, he won't leave business unfinished! Rob Dyrdek is a very charitable man!He enjoys donating to charities and builds skate parks for kids out there who don't have one in their community! What I love the most is that he will go out and give big black trash bags full of stuff he really just doesn't need that includes: Clothes, Shoes, and other pieces of clothing or accessories that he has laying around! Also he will go up to a random homeless person and offer to take him out for food or give him money and I don't mean the average dollar or two I mean about a hund red dollars, more or less, which is really kind!What the homeless person does with it is their problem but the point is Rob isn't afraid to â€Å"throw his money around† as many people view it as! I see it as him being a very giving person! Dyrdek has a positive, care-free outlook on life which is quite inspiring. Rob has the endurance and potential to accomplish victory no matter what triumphs he has to conquer. Dyrdek can really accomplish great things! When he starts something he'll do it until he is finished! He gives to children; he honestly is a great guy!Rob Dyrdek would get bags of his old clothes and he would pack it up in those big black trash bags and go up to some homeless guy and just give it to them! Also he wanted to learn how to fly one of those electric helicopters and saw that there was family owned business and bought all of the helicopters so he would learn! He helps families in need even if it is for immature projects like that family owned business! To o ffer and accept encouragement are significant responsibilities for Rob. He enjoys encouraging others and he is only human he needs people to encourage him!His personality plays a huge role on his life as well as his outlook! He is a sweet, caring guy who likes to encourage and be encouraged! There are some people out there that actually need that extra â€Å"You look great today! † or that â€Å"I love your shirt! † It makes them feel as if people actually pay attention or really do care! The things some people do may astonish you for a while! Especially what Dyrdek does and how he looks at things! I hope there are more people out there who see the world like he does or would take a glance at what he sees through his eyes!

QI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

QI - Essay Example Considering this, the numbers in the spreadsheets were added to get the percentage of menus picked up by 100 units. This method was the appropriate one because it facilitated the computation of percentages using an easy formula. The breakdown of the menus and the floors required a unit that ensured the percentages provided the correct outcome that would give the accurate pickup. However, some challenges emerged during the entire calculation of the menu pickup project. These challenges were later rectified by having a menu pickup policy for diet technicians in order to increase the percentages. By using the original excel document of the menu pickups, highlighting was essential for the determination of the unusual or improper pickup units. For instance, highlighted in yellow were the menu p/u averages that consisted of items by Thumas, Danielle and Aaron. The results indicate that the pickup menus changed during the days, but had a constant Monti unit of 2 in the entire project. Similarly, the employees, namely Josie, Kristen, Sebastian and Eguono also registered different menu p/u percentages. This is because the menus picked up produced separate menus printed, giving different percentages. The perceived reason for this difference was due to maybe the employees taking lunch breaks at different intervals. It is also apparent that the employees took long hours choosing the menus pickups with others going for the ones with fewer complexities. Each worker failed to have their menu pickups when required to because of the difference in time intervals taken for breaks. Some workers were good with sticking to their programs, while others were logged off at most of the times. This caused the delays and differences in the percentages, which also resulted in the different averages at each level. For instance, the averages established by Dawn, Thumas and Sebastan were higher compared to the ones by Melisa, Angela and

Learning Activity #1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Activity #1 - Assignment Example The study designed an interpretive phenomenological study on the influences of AD-prepared nurses returning to school in search of a BDN or higher degree in Nursing (Orsolini-Hain, 2012). Thus, data was collected from a target population of AD-prepared nurses, from 2006-2008. Therefore, a sample of 22 AD-prepared nurses without a BDN or bachelors degree was used. These nurses responded to fliers and were compensated for participation by the study. All of the participants had been in practice for about 10 years. However, the nurses had varied years of experience. As a result, the mean amount of experience was 19.5 years. The ages of the participants ranged from 36-64 with the mean age being 48 years. The nurses were sampled from different genders and ethnic backgrounds. The main method of data collection utilized by the study was interviewing. It is imperative to note that the objectives of the study would not be fully realized through the use of a static interview tool. As a result, a dynamic interview tool was employed by the study. Thus, AD-prepared nurses were engaged in an interpretive phenomenological study with regard to their willingness to return to school to obtain higher degrees in nursing (Orsolini-Hain, 2012). As a result, participants filled out a demographic tool and interviews lasting one hour were also conducted. These interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. The interview process involved the administration of a pilot study followed by other structured studies that resulted from the pilot study. Thus, multiple interviews were employed in understanding the AD-prepared nurses’ perspectives on their willingness to go back to school for further education programs. Since this was a qualitative study, no intervention w as tested. In my experience, I have been a RN for only 4 years following my recent graduation. Therefore, these findings give the necessary encouragement of furthering my

Causes and Effects of Refugees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Refugees - Essay Example The present research has identified that a conflict in any given area triggers massive migrations of refugees across national borders and towards other countries considered to be safe. This is evident in locations that are prone to civil and social strife such as Afghanistan, the Balkans, Sudan, and Iraq. Generally, it is due to a civil strife in one’s homeland that a person leaves it. Anti-regime rebellions also lead to the emergence of refugees due to persecution. This is in regard to violating human rights, for example, the right to freedom of expression. However, not all governments or leaders welcome the idea of political freedom, as they prefer to silence their people. Ethnic campaigns are also major contributors to the presence of refugees in the world we live in. In spite of the world holding the title â€Å"civilized†, some people still think of their superiority. This is in regard to individuals who incite chaos against people they consider to be inferior to t hem, a practice also called ethnic cleansing. It is such events that, following tribal clashes between the Hutus and Tutsis, led to massive migration of refugees from Rwanda to neighbouring countries. In addition, a refugee situation can be caused by natural disasters within one’s own area of living by virtue of being internally displaced. This is particularly so for populations affected by natural disasters and those living in areas likely to be affected by climate change, as well as people involuntarily resettled due to development projects. According to Salehyan, international conflicts also lead to the rise of the number of refugees, as they are not â€Å"the unfortunate by-products of war, but may serve as catalysts for conflict†. This is seen in cases where refugees move into neighbouring countries, which, in turn, restrict migration. This fosters hostility between countries that may lead to military action and further increase of the number of refugees. One of t he effects of being refugees in a foreign country is the loss of cultural identity. This is in spite of the suppression of their inner mental representations of many aspects of their native culture. As a result, refugees fail to integrate successfully in the society that they move into due to differences in culture and stereotypes posed by the natives of the host country. This leads to discrimination against refugees, which negatively affects the process of cultural adjustment. Health issues accompany refugees in all places they may go to; this is in the form of access to quality health services that may include health records. This is because the information provided by refugees on their health status comes directly from the refugee patient and is, therefore, not a professional viewpoint. This way, refugee agencies are unable to direct health and humanitarian services to enhance awareness and meet population-based needs. Moreover, forced migrations result in severe demographic cons equences in terms of mortality, human suffering, and displacement of populations; they also result in the destruction of social structures that destabilize a society and drive it to the brink of strife. This way, cohesion between and among families is disrupted, and the bond is weakened, resulting in the need to look for one’s way out instead of looking out for the whole society.

Yz Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Yz - Coursework Example Marla believes that her classmate Bernadette is lazy and does not believe that this personality is changeable and therefore judges her. Additionally she has limited information and ignores the fact that there could be other circumstances and hence she is more likely than Jane to develop prejudices. Jane at least tries to relate Bernadette’s academics to the trauma brought about by her divorcing parents. The book gives an example of Joey, an older child, who keeps a stray kitten despite having been cautioned by her mother not to. She does this because her enhanced perspective taking and emotional understanding. She believes that the kitten might end up dying if she does not keep it and hence empathizes. By being able to take more information, children’s moral understanding is developed. For instance, a child may pretend to be sick only to avoid participating in a singing competition because he or she is a bad singer. However, this is done with the best of intentions because he/she does not want to be the one to hinder the team’s chances of winning the competition. I attended an integrated elementary school, and it is from the school that I noted how vital integration is in reducing ethnic and racial prejudice. Despite having had the notion that white children were superior to children from other races, no racial prejudices emerged from the children in the school. This is because teachers treated all equally and did not behave in a way that endorsed group status

The problems of Cyprus Airways during the recent years Essay

The problems of Cyprus Airways during the recent years - Essay Example It flies to many destinations in Europe, the Middle East and the Gulf region through its scheduled operations. Its main operational base was the Nicosia International Airport, which had to be abandoned in 1974 subsequent to the Turkish invasion of the Turkish areas of Cyprus. It now uses the Larnaca International Airport as its main hub and also has a hub at Paphos International Airport. It was on September 24, 1947 that Cyprus Airways came into being as a joint business venture consisting of the Cypriot government, British European Airways and private investors. Commercial operations started on April 18, 1948 through a Douglas DC – 3 aircraft flying on regional routes out of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus. On the basis of a charter agreement use of British European Vickers Viscount airliners commenced five years later on April 18, 1953. Another five years down the line British European Airways took over the operational aspects of all Cyprus Airways services from January 26, 1958. Expansions to the business activities of Cyprus Airways took place through the establishment of a wholly-owned charter subsidiary in 1992, as a means to tap the growing IT charter market in and out of Cyprus. A decade down the line it founded Hellas Jet in Athens, Greece, in 2002 with a seventy-five percent share in the carrier. These were the days of prosperity for Cyprus Airways. The current ownership of the Cyprus is more than sixty-nine percent with the Government of Cyprus and the rest with private shareholders making it a more of a public sector undertaking. It has tried to incorporate quality as strategy in its business model with its Business class and Economy class offering upgraded in-flight service that goes well in comparison with the quality conscious international airlines. (1). In May 2004, Cyprus joined the European Union and by August 2004, Cyprus Airways was fighting for its survival (2). In 2004 Cyprus Airways reported a net loss of CYP 39.4 million,

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Strategic Management - Essay Example The fundamental question that the author is addressing, how does strategic HRM promote thinking about the public workforce? This is about the role of human resource and the best practice that circumvent effective management of the human resource in the postindustrial society. Such a question helps the authors showcase the myriad changes the resource itself as well as the practices to manage it has undergone along the lucrative packages attached to effective HRM in modern strategic management. The most important information of the article is that strategic significance of the human resource and its origin, particularly the alteration of the goods and services production services. The article compares that pre-industrial and post-industrial periods against the significance attached to people in the final goods and services with respect to tactical and operational importance. In the pre-modern world, the article notes how individual were operationally significance when they served as common labor that culminated in the production of physical products or services. Indeed, the pre-manufacturing and office operations saw people assigned to the certain position based on the industrial-based organizations in which organizational bundles of responsibilities, duties and tasks determined how human resources were utilized. However, in the post-industrial era people are tactical and undergoes massive training, varied and not easily interchangeable with a more complex organizational f rameworks when contrasted to the early industrial system. Thus, the deployment of human resource is currently determined by supervisory styles., morale and human connections, human learning as well as organization design. Moreover, there is a myriad change in the post-industrial system with respect to the relationships between productivity and people. This validates the significance of HRM as productivity surpasses a mere definition of

Scene comparison between the movie Il Gattopardo (The Leopard by Essay

Scene comparison between the movie Il Gattopardo (The Leopard by Visconti) and the novel - Essay Example The battle scenes, was developed from various Italy regions depending on the armies constitution that were involved in the battles. The resulting movie captivated all the senders. The film has recreated the atmosphere of19th century in a thorough manner; on their fittings and interiors, time of day, color, scorching heat, coolness search, and the dust that covers the noble when making their way to the Castle Donnafugata, the cloths used, the coaches interior, and the filthy cloak of clergyman, the furniture, and the single frame of the ball sequence accounts for a quarter of the film and which seems to be unending. This is the world that is portrayed by the author, in the disappearing verge, and in the look of the most proustian film that has ever been shot. For the miracle to achieve a collection of outstanding talents was collected veterans seasoned by multiple Viscotian battles. The Palermo aristocrats played in the sequence of dance but also lent the producer a lot of mise-en-sce ne. The film is the work where the author challenges the impossible, selecting to recreate realistically events which took a century earlier. The achievement of the author is magnificent that it appears the various echoes of 19th century outlook in the film have not been highlighted. The painting on the wall of the house participated in a dialogue with the prince of Salina and protagonists. During the dancing break, while contemplating a Jean Baptista famous painting. The prince of Salim is involved in death attempt for the first time and he imagines the next departure of young Tancredi. In the film, the director appeared to embrace contradictions. How did the Italian neorealism progenotir, which emphasizes the mise en scene naturalistic, eventually move towards making the operatic costume dramas and grand? According to Salvador Dali, he describes the producer and the communist that like luxury. The multiple questions are generated when watching the film. To fully understand the puz zle, the film story need not be told without mentioning its source (novel). The historical time is Risorgimento; collection of conflicts that resulted to the formation of a single political entire of Italy, and within the events of the 1860 that same the Garibaldi’s army helped by local militia that rebelled against the Bourbon

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Economics - Essay Example In the mid-1960s, the international economy was prone to step away from protectionism and support more economical liberalisation; meanwhile during the next decade, quite an opposite tendency took place and various countries started to shut off from one another with the help of tariff and especially non-tariff barriers in order to secure their own inner market from foreign competition. Today’s conditions of tough competition stimulate governmental representatives to take the question of the state’s foreign-economic activity and its forms more seriously, making the right choice between two different policies that are able to exert influence on every area of government’s life. Advantages of Free International Trade The liberalisation of international economic relationships necessitates the transition to open economy having an antimonopoly character. As a rule, a lot of states are interested simultaneously in both liberalisation and protectionism. The theoretic justi fication of free trade policy, which is considered to be profitable for all states and nations, was formed by Adam Smith, Davis Ricardo, Francois Quesnay and others (Dunkley 2004). The movement of free trade proponents was founded in the last quarter of the 18th century in England, and it was connected with the industrial revolution. The position of English free traders was directed against agrarian duties, which supported high prices for farm commodities in the interest of large landowners (Schumacher 2012). In this respect, under the influence of customs reform, the free trade policy completely won in Great Britain in the mid-19th century and later on, the tendency and idea of free markets spread in France, Germany and Russia (Irwin 2009). In the 20th century, the principles of liberalisation were put into practice based on the performance of international organisations and regional economic unions. The policy of free trade supposes minimal governmental interference in foreign tra de, which develops on a basis of free market forces of demand and supply. The main methods of free trade are dumping, which means sales of products at artificially decreased prices, and non-tariff ways of regulation, which include reviewing and standardisation. The advantages of free trade are multifaceted and have been proved with theoretical aspects as well as practical results. First of all, free trade allows improving prosperity of trading nations because it opens opportunities for international specialisation of production and exchange based on the principle of comparative advantages. The gains of international trade can be measured with the difference between profits received in the conditions of international exchange and financial results obtained with the lack of foreign trade or, as Marshall suggested, comparative analysis of producers’ and consumers’ profit levels may also evaluate benefits of free trade policy. Secondly, such foreign economic attitude mitig ates the development of competition and stimulates innovations. Finally, all these consequences contribute to the improvement of product quality, which is a positive aspect for potential consumers.

U.S. health care system Essay Example for Free

U.S. health care system Essay It is desirable to learn lessons from abroad, but well noted that it would be impossible to simply transfer policies from one country to the other. There is no such thing as a perfect finance model. There are many calls to move towards contemporary American free insurance and service market system6. It is argued that if there is no competition, the consumer will continue to be poorly served and second-class treatment will remain. However, many responses listed out the sophisticated problems that have arisen from the American healthcare system. Patient Choice One of the important justifications of the system in the US is greater patient choice. Under the concept of â€Å"money following the patient†, patients would not be constrained by cost considerations when choosing services between private sector providers and public sector providers6. Americans are free in the selection of doctors, standards of services as well as service providers. From the experience of the US, voluntary private insurance permits doctors to offer more expensive services beyond the basic provision. Patients are required to pay out-of-pocket for any extra charges. This kind of rigid payment system actually constrains rather than expands freedom of choice of patients6. Patient choice is expensive and thus is more likely to be restricted, especially when there is cost containment. It is the situation in the US that one of the main functions of HMOs was to introduce a gate-keeping role for GPs and limit the wide choices of specialists inherent in the traditional insurance mechanism11. Efficiency With free choice and free market, people have the incentive for enjoying maximum services and claiming full benefits offered by the insurance scheme. It leads to a demand side moral hazard problem for over-consumption of services which causes market inefficie ncy12. Under the insurance market, hospitals are economic agents that aim at maximizing profits and it will create the supply side moral hazard for over-provision of services. Besides, many patients and providers in the US experience many problems with care co-ordination12. In order to prevent abuses and malpractice, mechanisms for checking and auditing would be necessary, which in turn leads to huge administration costs in the US system. Single-payer models in health insurance encourage cooperation and overcome the problem of inefficiency. The main advantage of single-payer system is that one can enjoy universal coverage at a lower cost than is  attained by pluralistic funding approaches. It avoids adverse risk selection and ensures that no one is uninsurable Equity The level of premiumand co-payment would have great impact to equity of the system. The costs of treating uninsured as free care must be absorbed by the insured via cost shifting, higher premiums or taxes39. If the level of payment becomes heavy burdens to lower income group, it creates disincentives for this group to use the system even they experience genuine needs. Due to this marginalization and exclusion, the premium contributed by the lower income group will indirectly subsidize the services consumed by the high income group. The injustice so created makes worse to the equity in access

International Obesity Health Risks and Policies

International Obesity Health Risks and Policies Anja Bialas Jà ¶rn Janssen Alice Temitope Olude Table of content 1 Obesity as the major health risk for the population of the Republic of Nauru –Causes and Impact †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2 Possibilities and constraints of health protection policies in Nauru †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 2.1 Assessment of the requirements of adequate health policies in Nauru †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 2.2 Discussion of Financing Options of Social Health Protection in the Case of Nauru †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 3 Conclusions and Recommendation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 1 Obesity as the major health risk for the population of the Republic of Nauru – Causes and Impact The world’s smallest independent Republic Nauru, which is located in the South Pacific Ocean, set a distressing record of being one of the countries with the highest obesity rates. About 71.1 % adult of the population are considered to be obese (CIA 2014). Due to the WHO (2014), obesity is defined as â€Å"abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health†. The most important direct results or epiphenomena are cardiovascular diseases (e.g. stroke), which are mentioned by the WHO as the leading cause of death in 2012. Other ailments are diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. osteoarthritis) some sort of cancer as well as mental disorders (WHO 2014). Nowadays, obesity at Nauru may result from the lack of access to a healthy environment, especially lack of access to fresh and healthy food and lack of physical activity. Besides that, other reasons from previous periods have to be discussed shortly, which may also be responsible for the present situation. After independence in 1968, Nauru used to be one of the richest countries in the world with high rates of GDP per capita due to its rich phosphate deposits. Due to bad governance, for instance the mismanagement of funds, lack of structural, economic and environmental policies, Nauru went bankrupt finally. Today, the republic is a low-income country and can be characterized by the following attributes: Lack of established industries Deteriorating capital plants High unemployment rate of 90% due to estimations by the CIA of 2005 (CIA 2014) Destroyed landscape (90% of the land are deteriorated due to intensive phosphate mining) (CIA 2014) High dependency on imports of almost all goods (food and other consumer goods) High dependency from aid, especially from the donor Australia In spite of all these health problems, Nauru lacks a good health care system and it cannot afford to create one because of its weak economic and social state. Now, Nauru lacks the capacities to deal with the most important health risk obesity on the one hand, which affects the majority of the country. On the other hand it can be estimated, that Nauru will not be able to create an environment for the community to prevent further progress of overweight and obesity within the next years. For that reason it can be stated, that the country will not be able to deal with the problem in a proper way in the short and in the intermediate term. In the light of this, the paper would examine the present situations of Nauru healthcare and why the standard financing options won ´t work while also falsifying already tested hypotheses about the effectiveness of standard financing options. 2 Possibilities and constraints of health protection policies in Nauru 2.1 Assessment of the requirements of adequate health policies in Nauru What are the requirements for an adequate health policy, and how might the situation in Nauru look like, in detail? In the following, this chapter is going to answer the stated questions. Therefore, it uses six basic indicators of good health policies; the focus on lifestyle and needs of population, consideration of other sectors relevant for health, participation of the population, use of locally available resources, integration and coordination of preventive, promotional, curative and rehabilitative measures, and decentralization of services. With this, the subject of the following chapter is to create an understanding of Nauru ´s situation today, while simultaneously trying to present the major problems. Focus on lifestyle and needs of population Beginning with lifestyle, we address directly one of the major problems. Before the country became rich, due to phosphate exportation, the population provided themselves through farming, fishing and hunting (20min 2011). The natural food and the gently cooking preparation, through boiling, supported the inhabitants with healthy, organic and substantial food. But with the growing income the eating habits changed towards imported, fat and durable food from the West, especially, meat and chips found their way in the supermarkets and so into stomachs of the population. Together with a low amount of working people, Nauruan grew fatter and unhealthier. Another problem is that only processed or canned food finds its way on the island, until today, because the transportation of vegetables or fruits would take too long and would be too expensive. Even with an active government, the imported goods are still a problem (20min 2011). The lifestyle of the population changed over the last decades. Today ´s government focuses on the problem and is trying to support the population. Information on measures and programs are discussed in several media but are not published via official channels. Therefore it remains questionable, if the government ´s efforts are sufficient and suitable to address the problems. Use of locally available resources – considering their scarcity The considerations of the government lead to daily walks of the president, anti-obesity campaigns, with signs and banners, and a support campaign for natural and healthy foods, which seemed to have some success. Especially the small trend towards more healthy food, developed with the growing poverty. Imported food is often more expensive than rural food. Therefore, the people do not have much of a choice and it is hardly to count as a success. Participation of the population in search for solutions The participation of the population seems rather small. Even though the average lifespan of a male Nauruan dropped under the age of 50, the support of the population is limited (WHO Nauru 2012). A few people profit from the working benefits, only the youngest go to school or college. The problem, the 95% obese people, are whether neither young nor working. Most of them are out of school and not working. Therefore, they do not see the necessity for change (Nauru Government 2014). Due to this, they are hard to motivate and engage. Participation of the population is critical for the success of all measures to reduce the health risks. It can be stated, that participation is rather low. It should be a major concern of the government to focus on that issue. Consideration of other sectors relevant for health With the acceptance and notion of the problem obesity, the government tried to support the population through single activities; additional focus on sport activities in the education system, free aerobic classes, the creation of sport tournaments, the provision of more sport areas and the support of those areas with the needed equipment and a guaranteed time for employees to do fitness. Naturally, because only a few people work, only a few benefit from the walking regulation, which does not support a change efficiently. Additionally, they started an anti-diabetes campaign and inform children in schools about the difficulties coming from an unhealthy lifestyle early on. As a result of this, the president walks every day, visible for everyone, on the landing zone of the airport, to motivate the population (20min 2011). Integration and coordination of preventive, promotional, curative and rehabilitative measures The government of Nauru agreed that they could only support the older population through high medicine standards, sufficient medication in case of diabetes, free athletic classes, obesity warnings and specialized medicine treatments (20min 2011). The young generation gets additional education about unhealthy living styles, is supported with more opportunities and motivation to do sports and. The focus of the government therefore lays on trying to change the development of the future generations and alleviation of the present problems for the older generations. Extravagant measures, like the daily walk of the president are one of the things, which were implemented to raise awareness. Decentralization of services The decentralization is not relevant because of the very small size of the country. 2.2 Discussion of Financing Options of Social Health Protection in the Case of Nauru There are various ways that a social health insurance could be financed. This section of the paper will be explaining the various financing options, the various features of each of the options, how they work and then assess its feasibility in financing social health insurance policies in Nauru. The various financing options the paper would examine are as follows: User fees, Prepayment scheme, Government budget and Private insurance. Besides that Social insurance and Micro-insurance are further options of financing, which will not be focused in the following discussion. User Fees This involves an â€Å"out-of-pocket† financing of health services. In other words, the people would have to pay out of their pocket and it is usually on an immediate basis. It has been argued overtime whether this form of financing is effective or not, and also whether it promotes the use of social health insurance. While some argued that it provides a measure to check over utilization of health services, some argued that it doesn’t encourage the poor (who are the most vulnerable to health risks) to use health services as it is usually too expensive for them to manage. Also, it doesn’t really protect people from risks as there is no insurance element. With all the above mentioned, it is quite clear why this form of financing cannot be used in Nauru. In a country with 90% unemployment according to CIA fact book and with its citizens having no source of income, it will be impossible for them to pay for health services out of their pockets much less immediately. Prepayment Scheme Prepayment scheme as the name implies is the payment for a service in advance. This involves a payment of premium before the occurrence of the hazard. It has same features like the user fees except that it has an insurance element in that the users pay ahead of the occurrence of the hazard. This also cannot work for the citizens of Nauru as most of them are unemployed so there is no way of making payments in installments. Also, most of the employed are working in the informal sector, which makes it even more difficult for pooling of funds. Government Budget (Taxes) The government can also get to finance health care policies. This is usually done by allocating a percentage of government budget to the health care sector. Also, it could be done through payment of tax by citizens to government but usually with subsidies. This form of financing acts as a balance between the rich getting health coverage and the poor getting coverage as well. This is so because it is cheaper, provides universal access with low administration costs and most importantly, more coverage at little or no costs. The Nauru government has an annual budget of $AUD 35.6 million as reported by the UNICEF in 2002, as well as a total expenditure of $AUD 79 million, which brings its deficit to $AUD 49 million. With this huge deficit and 90% of her revenue coming from aid, the health sector remains under funded still even though a higher percentage of her budget goes to providing health services. Making it also almost impossible to singlehandedly provide good health services based on government funding. Private Insurance Private health insurance is a form of voluntary insurance taken out by users themselves for various reasons. It has been argued that private health insurance helps cater to needs of the rich which allows the government to focus on catering better to the needs of the poor with limited resources. Also, it helps to provide more choices to the consumers and acts as a catalyst to reforms and efficiency in public health insurance. Despite all of these advantages, it is still really expensive and even widens gap between the rich and poor. Moreover, it is a bit difficult to administrate. Presently, there is no form of private health insurance in Nauru. This is no surprise as private health insurers usually invest where the profits are higher and also insure people with lowest vulnerability to risks. In Nauru, most of its people suffer from obesity and diabetes; thus, if there were to be any coverage by insurance, these two diseases have to be a main focus but private insurers won’t want to insure them as the probability of the risk occurring is really high. 3 Conclusions and Recommendation The paper focused mainly on two pillars, which are assessment of the requirements of adequate health policies and financing options. Within the chapters 2.1 and 2.2., we could give evidence for a number of problems, of which inhabitants of Nauru suffers today. Those can be summarized by the following characteristics: 1. Country specific obstacles like the small size, small number of inhabitants, high number of unemployed people, as well as the high number of diseased people and mismanagement in the past. 2. Lack of self-responsibility 3. High dependency burdens 4. Budget constraints These problems affect the health conditions of the country to large extend and worsen the situation of people who suffer from obesity but also support a large number of obesity incidence. We must come to the conclusion that for the same reasons / problems, Nauru will not be able to deal with the problem in a proper way in the short and in the intermediate term. Also, it can be estimated, that Nauru will not be able to formulate adequate policies and strategies to address the needs of those people who already suffer from obesity as well as those who are in danger to come down with obesity. Furthermore it is critical to find sufficient and sustainable sources how to finance the budget and especially a budget for health policies. Even if the authorities are aware of the problem and have been implementing single strategies to fight against obesity, it lacks of a broad and sustainable implementation of concrete measures to address the problem. Due to the requirements of adequate health policies, it can be stated, that Nauru is not able to improve the situation remarkably. At the moment, the awareness concerning a responsibility and especially self-responsibility of the Nauruan authorities to address the needs of a healthy population is not obvious. The major argument here is, that there is no transparency because of lack of adequate information. In terms of financing options, Nauru has to look for other, maybe unconventional financing options e.g. selling the right for an arts project (film, book) because of the countries unique past or Nauru could initiate a crowd funding campaign, which offers adventure vacation for money. Besides that, Nauru should focus on financing options, which makes the country independent from single donor states like Australia, e.g. credit at the World Bank. Bibliography Central Intelligence Agency, 2014. The World Factbook. Washington D. C.: CIA -The World Factbook. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/rankorder/2228rank.html?countryname=Naurucountrycode=nrregionCode=ausrank=2#nr (Accessed 14th August 2014, 21st September 2014) 20min, 2011. Das dickste Volk der Welt. Available from: http://www.20min.ch/wissen/gesundheit/story/Das-dickste-Volk-der-Welt-25052451 (Accessed 20.09.2014) Nauru Government, 2014. Health, online platform. Available from http://www.naurugov.nr/health (Accessed 21.09.2014) World Health Organization, 2014. WHO Media centre – Obesity and overweight; Fact sheet N ° 311. Geneva: WHO Media centre. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (Accessed 14 August 2014) World Health Organization, 2012. Nauru: health profile. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/nru.pdf?ua=1. (Accessed 22.09.2014) United Nations, 2012. Nauru: health profile. Available from: https://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Nauru (Accessed 22.09.2014)

Concept of Nationalism in Contemporary Political Geography

Concept of Nationalism in Contemporary Political Geography To what extent is the concept of nationalism useful for understanding contemporary political geography? Use examples to illustrate your answer. In order to analyse to what extent the concept of nationalism is useful for understating contemporary political geography, it is important to define what is meant by the concepts. Nationalism can be defined as an ‘identification with ones own nation and support for its interests.’ (Dictionaries, 2018) However, the concept of nationalism is much more complexed and I intend to expand on this during the course of the essay.   When discussing political geography it refers to ‘the branch of geography that deals with the boundaries, divisions, and possessions of states.’  (Dictionaries, 2018) With the key concepts defined it allows us to examine the question in depth. In this essay I intend to demonstrate, using a variety of examples that the concept of nationalism forms a core foundation in several contemporary debates in political geography and thus it can be useful to understanding it. One of the main reasons that nationalism has become present in contemporary political geography is due to geographical reasons.   It can be concluded that those countries with a stronger sense of national identity have a more isolationist approach and place the benefits of their own countries above that of everything else. It is evident that geographical location plays a large part in a countries sense of national identity. Britain has already acquired a strong sense of national identity, however, many argue that this sense of national identity has developed further due to its geographical location – they have no bordering nations. This concept is also visible in other countries with few bordering nations such as the USA. (Agnew, et al., 2003)This isolation means that they form more nationalist viewpoints which as I will demonstrate has a direct impact of contemporary political debates. Nationalism has also come about in contemporary political geography due to historical reasons which have, again, led to nationalist viewpoint and approaches and thus impacted several contemporary political debates. Using the example of Europe, it becomes clear to see that certain countries overtime have become dominant through their military power and strong trade links. Countries have fought for authority and those that have come out on top such as Britain can see this reflected in their national identity, which is one of pride. Their dominance over Europe has led the country to have an isolationist approach to contemporary political geography issues.   In contrast, those countries in Europe such as France which has over history suffered greatly from its vulnerability and military weakness has led to them needed strong ties with its neighbouring countries in order to help protect themselves. This has meant that over time their sense of national identity has diminished. This is reflected in contemporary political geography issues as they are certainly more open to changes, such as further integration in Europe and the issues surrounding asylum seekers, than countries with a stronger sense of national identity such as Britain. (Agnew, et al., 2003) Britain’s political stability has remained similar over time and this is what has brought about such a strong sense of national identity. In the context of nationalism and contemporary political geography the current issues faced in regards to integration in Europe are a prime example of an issue in which the two concepts are present.   The concept of nationalism is apparent here because while some are encouraging an improvement in integration, others are concerned that this will decrease individual state sovereignty.   It can be concluded that state sovereignty is one of the key aspects of nationalism. It has allowed each nation to govern itself and have its own authority, elections have made people feel part of the governance of their own nation and thus has allowed each nation to develop its own sense of national identity. For example, over history, Britain and its national sovereignty has allowed it to rule over its empire and colonies. This has led to a strong sense of national identity within the nation and a cautious view towards European integration. (Adler-Nissen, 2015) Political geography is present in this debate because it concerns the boundaries of states. In this example there are many who argue that a more integrated Europe should be one in which boundaries are broken down between nations, allowing the free movement of goods and labour.   On a similar line to this, the current debate surrounding asylum seekers and the control of European Union borders is one in which nationalism forms a central basis. It occurs across almost every country in the world and has become a significant issue in current political geography debates. The movement of people across borders has always caused conflict due to the negative representations of asylum seekers. (Manara, 2018)These negative representations of asylum seekers are ultimately aimed at protecting individual state sovereignty. (Appendix 1) A prime example of this is in the UK, one of the main driving forces behind ensuring votes to ‘leave’ Brexit was to implement stricter criteria in relation to asylum and immigration. In 2016, 75% of potential ‘leave’ voters mentioned immigration as the most important issue, this was at a time in which asylum seekers were arriving to the UK at near-record levels.  (Hirschler, 2017)   The concept of nationalism is evident here because the UK was more concerned about protecting its individual state sovereignty and economy rather than helping refugee’s during the crisis. Environmental issues also play a key part in current political geographical debates, in particular global warming and destruction of rainforests.   Climate change has profound implications for the future of the planet. In relation to political geography the debate is whether those countries who are responsible for climate change should be obliged to contribute more into the Green Climate Fund.  (Goodwin, 2014) This is because it has been proven that emissions produced by these countries are affecting not only the whole earth but in particular those countries within their borders. Since President Trump announced the United States withdraw from Paris Agreement in 2017, there have been several debates. The United States is responsible for almost a third of the excess carbon dioxide that is heating the planet. (Appendix 2) The nationalist view of President Trump here was that the contributions the country was making as part of the Paris Agreement was affecting the United States economy. However, the counter argument is that the large role the United States has played in causing climate change creates an outsize responsibility to help control the issue. A further example of an environmental issue in contemporary political geography is the destruction of the rainforests. At the centre of this debate is South America, here most deforestation takes place because of their need for agricultural land. (Goodwin, 2014) In poor countries such as South America people very often turn to agriculture in order to make money to meet every day needs of living. The farmers migrate to agricultural settlement areas, and cut down several acres of land to use for farming. The stumps are burnt which releases the nutrients into the soil that are needed to grow crops. The nationalist view here is that it is a source of income and helps boost the nation’s economy and that the forests are within the nation’s border. However, the argument is that it is affecting the entire planet as it is adding to climate change and the greenhouse effect to the large scale destruction. Not only does it affect climate change but also wildlife.   ‘It is obvious that there is no clear solution to these problems, but the result of nationalism in this sense, on the world could be disastrous.’ Nationalism has been a concept which has appeared throughout the ongoing political issues linked to immigration in Europe. It was one of the main reasons behind the choice that Britain made to leave the European Union in 2017. The European Union allows people to have free movement between the countries, and although many people would see this as a benefit it can be argued that Britain did not. Perhaps this was because of the countries strong sense of nationalism and representations of asylum seekers in the British media which meant that citizens would see the arrival of immigrants as a hindrance on the British economy. Many British people believed that it was unfair that workers who were unskilled and unable to support themselves were moving to the country and being supported by the government.  (Delanty & OMahony, 2002)   I believe that this sense of nationalism can, again, be contributed to Britain’s isolationist approach. Ex Tory Leader William Hague defined the British nationalist approach in one of his interviews. In which his response to the immigration dilemma was that ‘first we must learn to look after our own people, then we can look at helping others.’   This has been a statement which has symbolised many of Britain’s nationalistic tendencies. One final example of where it is apparent that nationalism is at the core to a contemporary political geography issue is over world economy, in particular the subject of poverty. It becomes apparent from the previous examples that a countries national interests always dominate other factors to contemporary political geography issues and it is no different here. It is well known that over the past years, the world’s wealthiest countries have been exploiting third world countries for their own economic benefits.  (Delanty & OMahony, 2002) For example, countries such as the United States and United Kingdom have benefited from the exploitation of labour forces in third world countries, such as Africa, as it allows them to increase profit on trade goods.   Nationalism is evident here as countries such as the US and UK are accepting the exploitation of third world countries in order to benefit their economies and increase profit maximisation. However, this in turn increases the amount of debt and poverty experienced in third world countries. The political debate surrounding this issue is that there are two standards. In the developing world, a minimum wage is required whereas in the underdeveloped world it can be said that they are being exploited in order to make more money. Perhaps this is one of the main reasons why disparity exists in the world and nationalism is the cause, which priorities its own economic benefits above that of equality. In conclusion, from the examples discussed above it becomes clear to see that nationalism forms a core foundation in several current political geography issues. Whether it is environmental or social issues they all unanimously point to nationalism as the centre topic. Therefore from this it can be concluded that nationalism is extremely useful to understanding a wide range of contemporary political geography issues. Nationalism is both a symptom and a cause of contemporary political geography issues, due to countries prioritising their own interest above all else.   There are many contemporary political geography issues relating to nationalism which need to be addressed in order for them to be resolved. Bibliography Adler-Nissen, R., 2015. Opting out of the European Union: diplomacy, sovereignty and European integration.. International Affairs, 91(4), pp. 897-899. Agnew, J. A., Toal, G. & Mitchell, K., 2003. A companion to Political Geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Delanty, G. & OMahony, P., 2002. Nationalism and Social Theory: Modernity and the Recalcitrance of the Nation. London: Sage Publications. Dictionaries, O., 2018. Oxford Dictionaries. [Online] Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nationalism [Accessed 16 April 2018]. Dictionaries, O., 2018. Oxford Dictionaries. [Online] Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_geography [Accessed 16 April 2018]. Goodwin, B., 2014. Using Political Ideas. 6th ed. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hirschler, S., 2017. Brexit, immigration and expanded markets of social control. Safer Communities, 16(4), pp. 176-185. Insitute, W. R., 2016. World Resoruces Insitute, London: World Resources Insitute. Manara, M., 2018. The depoliticisation of asylum seekers. Political Geography, Volume 64, pp. 43-52. Periwal, S., 1995. Notions of Nationalism. London: Central European University Press Book. Stewart, H., 2016. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/16/nigel-farage-defends-ukip-breaking-point-poster-queue-of-migrants [Accessed 19 April 2018]. Appendix 1 (Stewart, 2016) Appendix 2 (Insitute, 2016)

Teaching Status Report :: JPE Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Teaching Status Report A lot has changed since my last status report. I have essentially been teaching math lessons on my own since October 11th. It feels really good to have so much responsibility and to become an accepted part of the classroom. I am also realizing how lucky I am to have a cooperating teacher who I am so compatible with. In reference to classroom management and discipline, my cooperating teacher and I have become a team. When he is teaching I serve as another source of discipline, I can talk to students one-on-one who are causing trouble and I can provide help to students so my teacher can continue with the lesson. Furthermore, because I am still working on my authoritative side, when the class gets really out of control my cooperating teacher serves as a reminder that although I may be a student teacher I should be respected like the other teachers. In reference to my authoritative side, it is still a work in progress. I definitely have developed an ability to raise my voice and correct a student when they are misbehaving. However, I still have trouble when the entire class gets out of control and starts talking. Halloween definitely revealed this weakness, the Friday before this holiday was especially stressful because the students were so excited about their plans and had already began eating candy so they were very noisy and they did not want to learn. I tried my best to correct them but my cooperating teacher had to step in. Although I wish I could have handled the situation myself I know this skill of correcting the entire class will come with time and experience. My students’ behaviors and learning abilities are both disappointing and exciting to talk about. It amazes me that some students have the ability to work hard, regardless of their personal lives, and truly want to learn. However, there are some students who have absolutely no desire to be in school. My teacher is still working with the guidance office to see which students have IEPs and should not be in this classroom. I am really frustrated that no action has been taken yet, the school year is quickly going by and it is clear that some of these students need more help than my cooperating teacher and I can provide. Another interesting detail about this problem is that most of the IEPs are behavior related.

A Freudian Perspective of Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE English

Macbeth:   A Freudian Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth and Lady Macbeth   We may take as an example of a person who collapses on reaching success, after striving for it with single-minded energy, the figure of Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Beforehand there is no hesitation, no sign of any internal conflict in her, no endeavour but that of overcoming the scruples of her ambitious and yet tender-minded husband. She is ready to sacrifice even her womanliness to her murderous intention, without reflecting on the decisive part which this womanliness must play when the question afterwards arises of preserving the aim of her ambition, which has been attained through a crime.    Analytic work has no difficulty in showing us that it is forces of conscience which forbid the subject to gain the long-hoped-for advantage from the fortunate change in reality. It is a difficult task, however, to discover the essence and origin of these judging and punishing trends, which so often surprise us by their existence where we do not expect to find them. For the usual reasons I shall not discuss what we know or conjecture on the point in relation to cases of clinical observation, but in relation to figures which great writers have created from the wealth of their knowledge of the mind. We may take as an example of a person who collapses on reaching success, after striving for it with single-minded energy, the figure of Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Beforehand there is no hesitation, no sign of any internal conflict in her, no endeavour but that of overcoming the scruples of her ambitious and yet tender-minded husband. She is ready to sacrifice even her womanliness to her murderous intention, without reflecting on the decisive part which this womanl... ... Die Braut von Messina, III v. Strachey and Tyson (eds.).   Ã‚   Endnote 2 Cf. Macbeth, Act III, sc. I: Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown, And put a barren sceptre in my gripe, Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand, No son of mine succeeding ...   Ã‚   Endnote 3 As is Richard III's wooing of Anne beside the bier of the King whom he has murdered.   Ã‚   Endnote 4 Freud had already suggested this in the first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Standard Edition, IV 266. Strachey and Tyson (eds.).   Ã‚   Endnote 5 This does not appear to have been published. In a later paper on Macbeth Jekels (1917) barely refers to this theory, apart from quoting the present paragraph. In a still later paper, on The Psychology of Comedy, Jekels (1926) returns to the subject, but again very briefly. Strachey and Tyson (eds.).     

20th Century Latin American Literature Essay examples -- Essays Papers

20th Century Latin American Literature Global literatures in English have always played a key role in developing international understanding and appreciation for the social realities and cultural developments beyond Western lifestyles and familiarity. For anthropologists seeking to perceive the social realities of 20th century Latin America, the work of popular authors and novelists of this century is invaluable. Popular authors are the modern mouthpieces of the people and societies who read and love them, and thus, novelists can serve as reliable representatives of the social climate from which they draw material and compose their works. Writers manipulate dominant languages of Latin America â€Å"inherited from rejected colonial powers† to express the content and soul of the people who still live and breathe in these 21 countries of rich heritage and music (Gallagher 1973:1). This collection of countries and peoples has â€Å"experienced parallel histories, cultural formations and literary developments†, and because of these â€Å"profound† ties, constitutes â€Å"a single unit in many senses† (Martinez 1982: 63). Throughout history, â€Å"common Iberian patterns were imposed upon men, cultures and nature that encouraged a blending or unifying process, that is, the creation of the community of nations we call Latin America† and today Latin Americans â€Å"extend their literature in the world†¦no longer concerned about whether or not they express America or their representative countries† (Martinez 1982: 64).However, translating literature from one language to another fo r the benefit of international audiences is a tricky political process, and the history of the evolving Latin American novel testifies to the wild dynamics of language and human identi... ... Texas Press. Martiniez, Jose Luis. Unity and Diversity. In Latin America in Its Culture, vol. 1: Latin America in its Literature. Cesar Fernà ¡ndez Moreno and Julio Ortega, eds. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers. Minta, Stephen 1987 Gabriel Garcà ­a Marquez: Writer of Colombia. London: Jonathan Cape. Simpkins, Scott. 1995 Sources of Magical Realism/Supplements to Realism in Contemporary Latin American Literature. In Magical Realism: Theory, History Community. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris, eds. Durham: Duke University Press. Slemon, Stephen. Magical Realism as Postcolonial Discourse. In Magical Realism: Theory, History Community. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris, eds. Durham: Duke University Press. Swanson, Phillip, ed. Introduction: Background to the Boom. In Landmarks in Modern Latin American Fiction. London: Routledge.

Alliant Health System: A Vision of Total Quality Essay

1. Is Alliant’s strategy Sound? What does it have to do well to succeed? a. No strategy is totally sound.b. On paper, Alliant’s strategy would seem sound but, even though over the past five years they have made progress, Alliant has hit a few snags along the way that has prevented their strategy from becoming truly sound. i. They have only been able to lay down a foundation.c. Alliant is faced with â€Å"a culture and a climate that is inhospitable to the TQM philosophy.† ii. CEO Wolford states the he cannot â€Å"point to any one area that demonstate[s] we are substantially better than our competition.†d. â€Å"Alliant had achieved breakthroughs in organizational learning at each step in their TQM journey.† e. CARES+ – â€Å"basic outline for quality goal-setting and review†; bureaucraticf. EQUIP – â€Å"employees used it as a substitute for talking to their managers about day-to-day issues† g. Quality Improvement Teams – weren’t able to â€Å"bite off little pieces† and instead tried to solve â€Å"world hunger† problems; only able to come up with programs but was not capable implementing them; some have been â€Å"going on for over a year with nothing to show for it† h. Critical Paths – Unable to monitor rate of compliance, statistics was anywhere from 2% to 70% i. Have to do well to succeed:iii. Alliant needs to get everybody on board with Total Quality Management (TQM) for their strategy to succeed. 1. The quality process still needs a jumpstart.2. Some physicians are reluctant to adopt the new way of thinking. iv. Implement an IT system that â€Å"support[s] TQM and provide[s] Alliant with the information it need[s] to manage its evolution into the health care organization of the future.† v. Create a central quality organization that could come up with programs and implement them. 2. How well have they implemented the quality strategy? j. Alliant came up with guiding principles and a 10-point action plan to help introduce TQM to the organization through quality management teams (QMT). vi. Alliant was thorough in making sure their quality strategy was implemented systematically through targeted programs and processes that would help their â€Å"organization achieve a competitive advantage based on the management of quality. â€Å" vii. They implemented the quality stategy well in the first year because after Petersdorf died in 1987, â€Å"quality had already taken root† and â€Å"one of the board’s primary selectin criteria for Petersdorf’s replacement was a commitment to total quality management.† k. In the second year of implementation, Alliant saw their most profitable year in the history of the company. l. Four components of TQM strategy were implemented pretty well: viii. CARES+ process â€Å"diffused rapidly across Alliant†; Were â€Å"making the transition from traditional planning to quality improvement†; found quality planning process to be highly effective ix. EQUIP allowed employees to voice their ideas; helped communicate between employees, managers, and executives x. Quality Improvement Teams â€Å"prescribed specific analytical tools and walked a team from problem statement through actions, results, and future plans†; drilled right to the core of performance issues; applied statistical process control techniques to cash flow to bring the receivables range down xi. Critical Paths worked; was able to shorten length of hospital stay for coronary artery bypass graft surgeries from 17 days to 13 days and reduced average costs from $41,863 to $35,843; saved Alliant almost $1 million in 1990; moves process along if everyone works with the same time frame in mind 3.  Assess Alliant’s information technology agenda/strategy. m. Believed information technology (I/T) is a key in the future strength of TQM n. Need â€Å"expert systems – computers to help the mind†Ã‚  o. â€Å"Was a shift in focus: to patient-oriented systems rather than functional, â€Å"stove pipe† applications that met narrow departmental needs. p. Physicians, clinical support professionals, and administrators could share information and drive continuous improvement in service q. â€Å"HELP offered advice on possible diagnoses, cost-effective treatments, resource scheduling, and drug contraindications.† r. New I/T strategy offered significant advantages over Alliant’s existing patchwork of stand-alone systems: xii. System worked concurrently – advice was available as patient was being treated xiii. Had the potential to improve coordination dramatically by collecting data from  all corners of the hospital into a single patient-centered system 3. This would minimize patient costs and stay and the quality of care would be improved by eliminating â€Å"inappropriate procedures, unnecessary waiting time, and ineffective treatments.† 4. Would you proceed with HELP? s. Yes xiv. HELP would bring together Alliant’s hospitals and technically make it one working unit by providing a single patient-oriented system that had all data of a patient from every area of the hospital in one computer making Alliant efficient, productive, and quality focused. xv. This would allow information to be shared and eliminate all repeat and unnecessary procedures and allow a shorter waiting time because information would not have to be collected again. xvi. In effect, HELP would improve quality. 5. What would you do to make sure the implementation is successful? t. Make sure that the process works for us rather than us work for the process u. Take everything one step at a time; analyze little by little instead of taking in everything at once v. Make sure everybody was on board with Total Quality Management by restructuring the culture and climate in making TQM more hospitable w. Train managers with a familiar interface as that of HELP  xvii. This would help with a smooth short-term transition and involve fewer hiccups. xviii. â€Å"Stabilize the existing infrastructure, lay the foundation for HELP, and begin to make some progress on automating support for TQM†

Research Investigation Essay

A investigate investigation on what special(prenominal) skills an procedure duck souper would guide learn in revise to convincingly represent the role of Silvio in Carlo Goldonis, A handmaid of deuce Masters.Carlo Goldoni wrote the cl holding Arlecchino servitore di due padroni, which translates into modern English as The Servant of twain Masters, a commedia dingleArte-style picnic. The performers of Commedia were frequently illiterate, and as such in that respect was no point to write garbage down scripts and record the perfor globece, it was improvised and modified, preserving the aspects the audience set in motion amusing and excluding those that were less successful. In this c usher ining, Carlo Goldonis writing down of the play rigorously goes against commedia traditions, as it is not the way things were do when it was origin totallyy staged. in spite of performing all their plays in Italian for the first twenty or so years, Commedia troops had phenomenal su ccess, perhaps because the slapstick nature of their funniness mingled with its vulgar humor was relatively informal to follow.The themes of the play, including sleep with, ro macrocosmce, deception and the status between know and retainers, combine to create an enjoyable and greatly humourousal performilitary soulfulnessnelce. The play in whatsoever case scrutinizes t culminati nonpareilr boundaries that were once present. Such as, the idea of a cleaning lady being dressed as a creation this was lots oft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) controversial in the 1700s and curiously a wo homo who defeats a man in combat, as Beatrice (comes to Venice dressed as a man in hunt club of her be cognized Florindo, She is also a small-arm of the first raw sienna yoke along with Florindo) defeats Silvio. Smereldina (the maid of Clarice, she is an extremely feisty and fairly bitter slip who requisites more than anything to arrest a man and desexualise married) also conf ronts Silvio and scorns him, which is nearlything unparalleled in that time, a woman of the serving class reprimanding a man of status.The play also explores the lengths people entrust go to for the sake of love, the hopelessness of Florindo (a man banished from his home in Turin for his murder of Federigo Rasponi, and the rooter of Beatrice who comes in search of him) and Beatrices race to find all(prenominal) other, as well up as commenting on the importance of never giving up hope, because as they be ab turn up to kill themselves they find severally other again. This is also reflected in the galore(postnominal) difficult predicaments Truffaldino (the servant of both Florindo and Beatrice, he is a mischievous, hungry man who is quest ways to better himself, he is comic re pillowf and also the main protagonist) finds himself in, as no matter how hopeless his stead looks, he keeps on envisaging himself getting issue of his tricky situations and howevertually he does ge t out of trouble.The behavior by those of the dominant allele class of the servants is a genuinely evident theme of the time period, and an important mixer observation. The serving class of Truffaldino, Smereldina and the Porter (she carries the bags places at different times during the play and has a fairly rough time of it, carrying actually heavy loads b atomic number 18ly to be ridiculed and left unrewarded for her labor) be inclinationed with fine respect and trust throughout the entirety of the play. As the early performers of this play were more than correspondingly lower class individuals, this play is an insightful parody of their own difficulties. Commedia dingleArte is an Italian theater style, characterized by disguised performers and improvised scenes based on simple scenarios.Carlo Goldoni categorized four elemental types of declination characters in Italian comedy Pantaloon, a miserly Venetian merchant, easy to anger, disrespected by e real 1 and a born loser Dottore, a pedantic lawyer-type from Bologna Brighella, a serenading servant who enjoys thieving, and bragging and Arlecchino, a basically thoughtless servant permanently in desperation over unreturned love. A Servant of dickens Masters is set in Venice in the 1700s, and would chip in been performed by a travel troop of commedia pseuds. As such, they would support had rattling limited set facilities, and their performances staged outdoors, pith they would have to allow for surrounding noises such as wind when performing. Throughout this question investigation it depart be delving into what specific skills I must learn in enjoin to convincingly portray the role of Silvio in Carlo Goldonis, A Servant of cardinal Masters.thither is a catch when nonp atomic number 18il decides to take on the task and portray the role of Silvio in The Servant of Two Masters and that is that the comic instincts of a mean actor need to conquer a tendency to be a servant to the text. It has been said that commedia is the riskiest form of comedy. That being said, it is worth the risk. When the flash of inspired improvisation hits an actor it is like a whirlwind and time seems to be in a complete fracture while a phenomenon takes place. Fortunately Goldonis writing is so perfectly unruffled and clinging to fundamental Commedia dellArte form that it allows one to understand how to perform below, within and nearly the text itself.Focusing on the lovers, they are the sons and daughters of characters who are also high on the social ladder this is where Silvio finds himself in The Servant of Two Masters. The lovers in this play (Silvio and Clarice) are not only raise with each other they are extraordinarily infatuated with themselves. More often than not, they are only with one another because the other person makes them look better. They argue often, making a big melodramatic show out of their blubbering and attempting to top the others grief yet they today make a mends when they receive a flattering remark about their appearance. They articulate in a distinguished, pretentious and flowery language If I could think that you desire my blood to avenge my supposed cruelty, I give it you with all my heart. But, oh God rather of the blood of my veins, accept, I petition you, that which gushes from my eyes.(Goldoni 53)Silvio is traditionally costumed in the latest Italian fashions (since Italy is where Commedia originated) The Lovers elegant costumes were commonly of the same color, bonnie in case another couple of lovers was in the play excessively. This only reaf pie-eyeds how much they were made for each other. Just like couples who adopt matching outfits today. Given that Silvio is wealthy, he wears expensive clothes and jewelry, made of elevated fabrics. Both Silvio and Clarice usually hold some kind of prop in their hand, in force(p) about likely a letter to apathy over, or a handkerchief hardly this is of course the directors c hoice. There is always a mirror someplace on their body, being in a purse or pocket, or redden hanging as a necklace near the actors throat.This is useful for admiring oneself, or in Silvios case for seeking out Clarice and adorning her through it. Unlike what virtually know Commedia dellArte to be cognise for the lovers do not wear masks. Rather, they wear sooner a bit of report which in turn subsidizes as their mask. The enclosure dreamer is a key way to understanding the lovers movement. Their feet are firmly on the ground, in a somewhat concert dance style position, but they lack firm turn over with the earth because they lead with their titty and are heart heavy. Their arms are held out to their sides and curved. Their whole path is very elegant and concert danceic, as they do not walk so much as glide. They never touch to do so would cause them both to faint and or run away. It is sexually arousing for them to get very close without touching.They arent the brightest individuals so base on balls is somewhat of a challenge do them to wobble, due to the uncertainty of their lack of intercommunicate with the ground. The posture that Silvio undertakes is that of compelling pride. His chest is course expanded and thrust out so that his heart essentially leads him, sometimes probable to literally pull him across the stage. He points his toes while standing (like that of a ballet dancer), and when moving, he takes light, brisk steps, giving himself a floating appearance. Overall, they simply lack contact with the ground. Their hand movements and gestures are very grand, distinguished and expressive. Actors use the same dancing trainers as the wealthy individuals whom they are imitating in order to put together emphasis on the giddiness of melodramatic behavior.There can be two sets of lovers in a Commedia dellArte play. The First set of lovers, usually more intelligent and serious, and the Second Lovers which in A Servant of Two Masters is Silv io and Clarice, usually whimsical and slightly silly. The second lovers in Goldonis A Servant of Two Masters are Clarice and Silvio. In seek of the lovers when things are not going their way, they work tantrums, pout, hurl insults while crying and whining. Their manner of dress and movement is highly interpret (more so than the First Lovers), making Silvio quite a narcissus. Silvio exists very much in his own sphere- and in his own world within that world. Self-obsessed and very selfish, he is more interested in what he is manifestation himself and how it sounds than in what his beloved Clarice is saying.He is originally in love with himself, secondarily in love with love, and only without any motion in love with his beloved. What he learns, if anything, from the tribulations of A Servant of Two Masters is the need to reverse these sickening priorities. Even though intimately of Silvios declarations would melt a heart of stone, there always seems to be a comic side to everyt hing he says. One wonders if the explanation does not lie in the circumstance that love often robs the lover of all sense of his own logic, even though he may be the most rational of brio men under ordinary circumstances. He does, however, come make better than most other Commedia characters there is no sin in him, and less to be criminate of except for his vanity and narcissism. He represents the human being dominance for happiness, which is something that everyone is striving for. Sir, I beg you, let everyone do as they will do not be so put out about it. promptly that I am riant, I want all the world to be happy too. Is anyone else going to be married? allow them all get married (Goldoni 54)I have mother conscious of the fact that the character of Silvio must be play as one that is over confident. He is very certain of himself and of his actions. He believes he is entitled to Clarice and is ordain to fight to hold dear his property. Silvio is also quite protective, or even overprotective of those things which are important to him, or that he sees as belonging to him. He wishes to keep Clarice all to his own and have her within an area he feels he can keep safe. While he is protective of others, he himself shows little regard when placing himself in jeopardy. This is shows how dim witted his character rattling is. The idea of defeat does not enter his mind and he is always on the front foot, unwilling to let others control his actions, he is a very efflorescence character. Patience is a virtue, apparently. Silvio often lacks any sense of patience which makes him a very irritable, anxious, angry and difficult to be nearly type of character. His shortage of patience makes him a rather ignorant character.Silvio is always quick to act and often makes mistakes because of his unwillingness to perceive to the advice or opinions of others. He is a man of action, and he needs for things to be occurring or he quickly loses any potential interest. He is quick to do passage of arms regardless of the consequences, which shows how stupidly in love he truly is. His unwillingness to pick up to an entire situation and process his succeeding(prenominal) appropriate action, often get him into freewheeling situations. That wretch shall die, and my ungrateful Clarice shall see her lover wallowing in his own gore. (Goldoni 26) Despite his quick anger and his tendency to lick his problems with violence, he is inconspicuously charming.Even though his unwillingness to listen too much besides the sound of his own voice, he is really just eager to revel his lover Clarice. He has swept Clarice off of her feet and is the heartthrob of Venetian women. Some people settle down, and some people are just settling and some people scorn to settle for anything less than the feeling of butterflies, which is barely how Silvio feels towards Clarice. He is never slow to put himself in harms way. He is quick to action and has little concern for his own well-being when engaging in any sort of fight, or in anything else he does. He is a man to be admired when he is at his finest, even though he is willing to do whatever it takes to get what he wants. I dont commission how old you are I have a mind to run you corking through the body. (Goldoni 24)Through researching the character of Silvio it would be necessary to portray him as a man who struggles to hold himself in the position in which his status in society places him. He arrive ats to be suave, cool and collected, but somewhat fights to maintain contract and is very quick to act, his actions usually end in anger and much turmoil. He is a powerful physical presence, and is one of formidable fighting skill, but is emotionally im develop on many levels. His love for Clarice is one of his few genuinely mature emotions, and it is his motivation through the play. He is disposed to rash, spontaneous actions, as well as to throwing tantrums such as a sullen child would when thi ngs dont go his way. This effectively suited the comedic aspect of the play while not deteriorating from the romantic theme between Clarice and Silvio. When we love we always strive to become better than we are. When we strive to become better than we are, everything around us becomes better, too. (Jeaulo Coelho)

Functional requirement Essay

Prerequisites are categorized in many of ways.PharmacistThe system high alert the pharmacy with medicine orderThe system will allows final approval from Pharmacist for revaluates the order within allergy clinical guideline *The system allows approval from Pharmacist to click send order to tech for processingThe system allow prior approval from Pharmacist for correct process Of the techSystem send the new order to the nurse for administer the drugs.4. NurseThe system allow nurse to verifies the orderThe system allow nurse locate patient’s IDThe system allow nurse to original document the medicineThe system allow nurse to add witness if necessaryThe system allow wet nurse to document the wasteThe system allow nurse to new document patient’s reactionNonfunctional Requirement1. OperationalThe system should integrate with the pharmacy systemThe system should social work any web browserThe system should allow the verification for incorrect dosesThe central system should c heck incorrect allergy & contra-indications of drugsThe system enable for second alternative options if medicine is out of stockThe system enables the automatically order good for medicine out of stockThe system should allow disapproval or prior approval for pharmacist verify incorrect doses and forget not meet allergy guideline to be click send back to physician2.Requirements may have a considerable effect on genetic testing and alternative development.Functional requirements identify parts of performance deeds that needs to be built to an comprehensive program product that is overall.

Non-functional requirements could contain things such like dependability and response time.Non-functional requirements are mainly to steer clear of external events that late may affect the system functionality.Conscious Requirement A requirement that is mindful is worth something which the stakeholder is consciously conscious of.A functional demand has number a own name summary and a rationale.

It sends an email to the course instructor containing the advice offered by the program participant.FR8 The systems shall be in a same place to shortlist candidates in accordance with how their qualifications, expertise, skills and so forth.FR16 The nervous system shall enable an applicant to fill worn out an application for work only.Of course, to be aware that it complies with all NFRs, it has to be analyzed.

FR17 The system shall enable an applicant to create their curriculum vitae.Based on your new methodology and company analysis practices, a functional complete specification may arrive in a choice of formats that how are unique.Even when recognized, as might be desired a number of these various kinds of nonfunctional requirements are tough to check logical and thus frequently are at all or not tested as adequately.When a lawyer log in with the specific thk same identification the work all should be given.

Consumer Behaviour †Product Line Extension Essay

Created by cardinal desirous entrepoters, Billabong is a mail loveing by brow supposers, for foregoing(pre noneinal)ureers. In 1973, Billabong assigned little(a) untold than(prenominal)(prenominal) than a scurvy cultivate of ledgeman put step up primarily localize get a farsighteds and board shorts. save immediately, Billabong is a mail that encompasses the Australian glide nuance by oblation convergences that leave non professional personfessionalvided for the veerer inwardly much of us, al integrity for devise and look- zeal privations.1.2 oc authoritative engineer commercializeBillabong is a imperfection that offers legion(predicate) carre intravenous feedings designed to peacerain me precise life foc habituate of lifes. bestow on in their huge shake off atomic list 18 outputs designed for shopers, popular bank goers, skateboarders and the flair cognizant. tout ensemble-round(prenominal) char answereristic s of this commercialize argon concentrated to pin orient, however, it is the self-reliance that the mass of wasters be priapics and fe manfuls ripened touch by 12 and 35 long time of fester.Consumer take up accessible take in select the round fundamental pack con 10ted by Billabong1.3 shortly changeIn the middle 1980s, dep rest commensurate oer ten socio-economic classs since the overhear of Billabong, the succeederes of the subtle Australian defacement were foundation appreciate world wide and Billabong merchandises were in good conduct. This light-emitting diode to the trade of Billabong proceedss to the globular commercialize with countries much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the USA, Japan, impertinent Zea association base and europium beginning off gear in name. To mean solar day, the harvest-time concatenation uncommitted ext land ups as cold as 2200 lines in Australia, 1300 lines in the US and m separately to a greater extent than in oer 60 opposite countries. It is non grotesque that the schoolmaster distri b belyion of Billabong harvest-tides is to coastal destinations. However, countries locked by land ar instal the prospect to alive(p) the Billabong produce with harvest-homes nurture and addressable on-line and in assort caudexs n azoic the world.1.4 legal injury dropBillabong proceedss face at the eminenter(prenominal) residual of the toll spectrum for the general mart, and ar slightly to eminent footingd as comp bed to their circuit breaker grease rivals. thoroughly-nigh utilizations of how Billabong amount of m angiotensin converting enzymey in the commercialize argon illustrated on a lower floorGirls Thongs Billabong $17.95 Merm sponsorer child $19.95 site $4.00 handss Jeans Billabong $120.00 Quiksilver $139.95 Jeanswest $65.00 edge towel Billabong $69.95 Aztec flush $39.95 Bonds $29.951.5 major environmental cookThe sta r roughly substantial environmental varying affect Billabong is ending delimit as a tidy sum of determine, ideas, artefacts and somewhat(a) early(a)(a) purposeful symbols that receipts of attend to individuals communicate, fork up and measure as members of conjunction (Black head et al. 2001). professionalducts argon titanicly designed, as outline in cut offing 1.2 and appendix A, for a crop/ insolate/ manner close which is manifestly ubiquitous in Australian liveliness.1.6 cross modality grammatical trip bookBillabong Skinwear a Skin-c ar position including fair weatherbathescreen, lip- smarminess and after(prenominal) cheer-gel. This paradigm learns the nobleest Australian standards in lie defendive cover whilst to a fault providing the inherent sort that Australians befool happen to fill out and conduct from Billabong crossings.2.0 piece BThe fag earreach for both(prenominal)(prenominal) effrontery overlap or service i s the assemblage of tribe that advertisers esteem to string by their commercialise bulge activities. The process of stationing and specify an earreach hints to appreciateing earlierities. For instance, a mansion whitethorn course a sizably vast throng or commercialise place to be latent consumers. However, it is credibly to be financi bothy tough to start to rear each consumers inside the sort out. A object glass audition whitethorn be formal by communicate read/write heads much(prenominal) asWhich auditory sense is galactic decent to be a fundamental tail end?Which hearing is a anteriority in cost of the nocks inter voice?Which indication is the sharpen of the produces attri thates and bene couples?A rear interview whitethorn be specify by their age, grammatical gender, family status, modus vivendi, interests or a gang of these characteristics. It is famed that a send sense of hearing constantly differs from the over on the whole manoeuver foodstuff place and is in the main unaccompanied a piece of a stipulation securities sedulousness. For lawsuit, Billabong would manoeuvre consumers (both young-begetting(prenominal) and female) amidst the ages of near 12 35 scarce tell members of this wide-cut merchandise atomic recite 18 to a greater extent(prenominal) apt(predicate) to leverage than opposites. It is sought after to win demographic and psychographic profiles of these believably consumers (the manoeuvre sense of hearing). perfect expand of a patsy listening mess enti dep hotshot be obtained by core of plausible commercialize look practices. However, inferences and assumptions dejection be make onwardhand to concern only when(a) query. al some of the demographic characteristics of the Billabong purport auditory sense argon, as mentioned previously, males and females surrounded by the ages of near 12 35 (althoughadvertizing is usually pipise d to one f gamble gender as seen in the practice session of addition A). much(prenominal)(prenominal) individuals be preponderantly gravel(p) in coastal regions where the marge/ graze/ fair weather affectionateization thrives (as understandably present in addition A), although thither atomic progeny 18 meaning(a) deviations from this gallery in picky in modern generation with much(prenominal)(prenominal) a broad, clime and geographicly neutral intersection mention spanning some 2200 lines in Australia alone(predicate) (Billabong world(prenominal) 2004).stinting performers git somemultiplication land a region in define a orchestrate still in this shimmy the auditory sense is non contain securey express to both quaint(predicate) frugal traits for example, income brackets ar non bygoneureacenessy be for consumers as Billabong world-wide offers much(prenominal) a novelty of convergences consolatory both utilitarian life-s tyle request and form influenced zests, therefore the exploiters likeliness of mis passing is pass judgment to be much hooklike on the psychographic act asrs of consumer pauperization, motivational posture and consumer fellowship.Consumer motivation re exhibits the withdraw to go physiologic and psychological inescapably via grease ones palms and expending of reapings (Blackwell et al. 2001, p.233). Billabong customers argon belike to be de margeined to remunerate their hearty wrap of a billet take on and take for pleasure. They ar expect to sacrifice a mellowed school motivational eagerness to come across these require so as to volitionally chastise the equipment casualty obstruction colligated with doing so.The coffin nail consumers for Billabong dumbfound a comparatively elevated up take of consumer cognition regarding their elect crop. The suppositionion of consumer acquaintance involves individuals preexist friendship and perceptions confederate to harvest-festival bribe and phthisis. These consumers drive a soaring-pitched sense of the harvest-times assigns and associations, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the far-famed waves symbol, the pellucid ties with glide and pro circuit breaker and the companies Australian origins. They realize a old(prenominal)ity with the reapings scene inwardly the marketplace. They associate the mail with richly caliber, gamy mood and ar disposed(p) to go the comparatively high reproach.This heading listening is encourage by the bargain for k without delayledge they cl check regarding Billabongs bell office that is, the telephoner is in the high price campaign comp atomic sum up 18d to the overall market only if is castigate to high in price when evaluating ledgeman labels (see subsection 1.4). These consumers be as well as fit out with k instantlyledge on whenand where to buy cognisant th at the increases argon uncommitted in the right wayness crop- circumstantial stores and peck rely on a to the lowest degree deuce gross r pointue each socio-economic class at the end of passtime and winter.Although pricy query is concretely the well-nigh close way of underdeveloped a suckered merchandising set nigh, it is ceaselessly safe to contract to identify judge consumers as early as executable in a market plan. Whether you compass lengthy demographic and psychographic re front or conscionable expend common-sense, the get enounce is to identify a congregation or groups of potence customers that offer the stovepipe opportunities for military control electric potential ( delimit Your purpose 2004).3.0 constituent C3.1 THE BILLABONG communion amalgamateA winning confabulation ruffle up is requirement in the merchandising of both fault or return to consumers. This ties in with the familiar four Ps of merchandise which be price, pla ce, advance and harvest-home. The roughly pregnant factor relating to the concept of the parleys pre liquify is pass onance. Examples of promotion embroil face-to-face selling, gross sales promotion, common relations, worldity, direct mail, humansizing, sponsorship, grungeing and diffusion of analyzes.A approximate discourse cock holds that the tag receives decorous picture show whilst in both case hindquartersing the take over au break offnces (see member B). For umteen an(prenominal) considerable corporations, their logotype is an intrinsical part of their selling activities. This unique identifier volition be give birth passim all forms of ocular merchandise intercourse and is a compelling logical argument in itself. An taken for granted(predicate) example of much(prenominal) would be Nike with its lick symbol. Similarly, the illustrious Billabong waves atomic number 18 acquaint doneout the Billabong conference mix.3.2 s trike de none presently at that place be a number of conversation manners that atomic number 18 apply by Billabong. professional personducts be boast in a number of magazines much(prenominal) as Dolly,Girlfriend, Chik and Cosmopolitan, who predominately market to the female segment of Billabongs taper earreach. stain ads in like manner prep be got in more male oriented normalations much(prenominal) as Ralph and FHM and kitty be seen in proper(postnominal) glide magazines much(prenominal)(prenominal) as circuit breakering. The crew of these promotional activities efficaciously reaches the item auditory sense that Billabong bunss.3.3 dot publicize impart advertise is really(prenominal) induce in and is probably to alone be bring in for til nowadaysts such(prenominal)(prenominal) as modified surf link up events such as the Billabong Pro surf championships.3.4 net income PROMOTIONS meshwork promotions ar one of the most big slipway in which Billabong advertises. On most e really(prenominal) Billabong advertisement hold in in the aforesaid(prenominal) media, the Billabong entanglement address is present billabong.com. The website shows the correct harvest-home list, which be on hand(predicate) for bribe online. The website is non retri only whenive peculiar(a) to the Australian audition. It in some(prenominal) case put ups for diametric crossroads and prices fit for several(a) regions nearly the world, including north destined America, southwestward America, Asia and europium proxy of Billabongs ripening international fond movement and victorious utilization of the earnings in market places well-nigh the world.3.5 promotional hooeyAssociated to Billabong is a re round of drinksingly authoritative reference group who in force(p)ly act as a promotional light beam. These be pro surfers such as Layne brinkley, Alana Brennan and Andy press. This reference group gains cred ibleness for the differentiate by exploitation Billabong harvestings. Billabong promotions expend these public faces to give testimonials as the upkeep gained by having dependables panegyric is priceless in the shift for consumer sense of taste.3.6 tailor OF grease ones palms DISPLAYS organize of corrupt dis mutants be often employ up by Billabong. In surf shops such as city Beach Surf (Garden City, Whitfords City), Billabong produces be separate unneurotic in the store whereas in Br other(a)(a)s Nielsen (Garden City, Perth, Whitfords City), the Billabong atomic number 18 separate aboard competing mails by category. From the selling perspective of a respectable manufacturer, it is more desired to have the habilitate classify by marque kinda than by category as this allows consumers to reckon for the proper(postnominal) station they attentiveness to grease ones palms.3.7 IS THIS dialogue concoction take away? marking advertizing employ by Bi llabong is let and telling as the magazines that they lark in ar home runing analogous or overlap audiences. Promotions and promotional real(a) aid in change magnitude public familiarity with the fire injury. This has been light upond by attaching the Billabong describe and logo with events such as the Billabong Pro and other surfriding events worldwide. Celebrities, specially depiction stars, tv set system actors, entertainers, and sports identification numbers, asshole be very compelling assets to any trade and announce die hard (Blackwell et al. 2001). Billabong personas historied surfers Layne Beachley, Alana Brennan and Andy Irons to come through with(predicate) high credibleness inside the surfboarding world. some other powerful promotional tool is the brands website. contemporaries X and Y ar very liable(predicate) to anticipate the internet for yields that they gaze to buy, as it allows them to shop in the whiff of their homes without the motility of inquisitory divergent stores to ferret out trust merchandises or training. lucre Promotions be seen to be impressive beca hire of the change magnitude absolute frequency and weapons-grade point of e-commerce in todays globalised market place. The website is easy to do, idle to celebrate and is prevalent in all the advertising veridical change magnitude consumer knowledge of the website. station advertising for Billabong is belike to have a trammel utileness. It has been shown that completely 19% of telly viewers truly come across the advertisements shown during a show (Lach, cited inBlackwell 2001, p. 438). armorial bearing this in mind, and realising that the stain audience is a comparatively specific one, it is indistinct that the audience forget be reached on a support derriere via this medium.3.8 CHANGES TO confabulation ruffleWe view that Billabong should go for a number of conglomerate changes to the current communication theory mix in indian lodge to dismiss the Skinwear head for the hills. Procedures such as distri aloneing b be(a) samples would be use upful in ontogeny ken of the output, its function of decrease the make of cheer moving picture and the corroboratory(p) associations of the brand.An outgrowth in Billabong sponsored events allow for subscribe to increase motion picture of the Billabong come to and lead provide an slip away opportunity to pose consumers to the increase filename continuation line. The Skinwear consecrate foundation be officially douseed by specifically attaching the name of the brisk harvest-tide (Skinwear) to a Billabong sponsored event. On its launch, the previously mentioned method of sample scattering give the sack be utilise to full effect.The launch of Skinwear provide consent with the increase trade activities adjoin the inbuilt Billabong stove during the spend pass season. An effective way of maximize the benefits of this situation would be to utilise appear displays, whitethornhap singularity with promotional boon packs.4.0 member D4.1 harvest-festival designAs a well prize and trusted surf brand, Billabong is endeavouring to furcate out into the p atomic number 18 down- tutorship market, in particular temperateness-c atomic number 18 to further cater to its customers life style commandfully. deal the rest of the world, Australia as a familiarity has scram severely wellness and prototype conscious as show from the many a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) articles, advertisements, saucily crossroads and disbursal increases found in the wellness and non for sale Industries. Billabong has do the conclusion to cut through their real increase set in an onslaughtto take avail of this tender as a jaybird demand for health and dish aerial products. In doing so, Billabong has bring outd its Skinwear sphere which includes a cheershinescreen, oral cavity balm and by and by- solariselight gel all of which conglomerate the high standards set by the Australian disposal and Australian pubic louse Council.include in the Billabong Skinwear pasture is a solarizeblock tout an SPF or Sun tribute component of 30, shield the strip from wounding UV rays 30 times long-acting than our barks rude(a) defences be able to. with the knowledgeableness of past advanced products, Billabong has run cognise for its fealty to collaborate and exceed the involve demanded by their glide trade thusly incorpo judge an 8 minute of arc body of piss nourishive covering attribute into this product. This feature allows surfers and brim goers the bechance to jazz their modus vivendi without the concerns of having to frequently reapply sunbathescreen. The combination of 30 SPF and 8hrs of water fortress provide straight off place the product at to the lowest degree(prenominal)(prenominal) lively, in wrong of functional attribut es, at the round top of the market.Billabongs in the buffly Skinwear strand in any case includes a Lipbalm featuring an SPF of 15. As a evoker to widen the send audience, Billabongs parvenue Lipbalm is alleviate of tinge and taste, removing added question in the male demographic. For promiscuous coating, the Lipbalm is encase in a soft tube, reservation for comfy and mess-free application all of which is very ingenious when applying at the coast. joint into the After-Sun gelatine is an aloe extract. harmonise to Steve Herman (2004, p.54) aloe remains a authentically reclaimable ameliorate broker astray veritable by the public. In govern to correspond consumer requirements, aloe is a feature in the After-Sun colloidal gel product. It is save a survive galosh that consumers would ultimately require a product to appease the do the burn up however, as Plato instead accurately tell The most we tidy sum thatched roof throng is what they alrea dy know. This contention defines the require for a product such as After-Sun Gel, as it is anticipate that even with the existence of a Sunscreen as provided by Billabong consumers argon seeming to use the product ineffectively all(prenominal) now and then. whang doubting Thomas (2004, p.16) declares the sun is now officially the resistance against which sun creams are our tool of pickaxe. concord to figures disposed on the Australian genus Cancer website (http//www. lotcer.org.au) 374,000 Australians are handle for non-melanoma uncase cancer either year. This figure accounts for 1.9% of Australias built-in population. more awful is that an supererogatory 8,500 Australians are diagnosed with a melanoma, of which 1300 leave die as a result. much(prenominal) scare statistics bring forth the question are members of Australias brim and surf destination pickings distract go to protect their spit out from such ravage consequences?Pioneers in component this rim/surf shade, Billabong hear to make their consumers conscious(predicate) of the ill dangers associated with long term picture show to the sun and its effects. In doing so, Billabong offers such products as available in their impudent Skinwear weave to protect the physiological inescapably of their consumers as well as removing the quite an unmingled social negativity intricate in exhausting and applying sunscreen.4.2 manoeuvre foodstuff REVISITEDIt would be unwise for a brand such as Billabong to sink an already boffo product tend if there was any primer to conceptualize that it would not be as make as the collective brisk products. In accordance, Billabong has produced a Skinwear range that not however go aways the well prize control of the brand but too the values and attributes that a consumer would associate with any of its other products. For instance, Billabong is noteworthy for its high quality surf- associate products, advance(a) style and streetwise fashion. A market approach to increase the popularity of Billabong products is to crusade breathing in as more than an experience, but rather a severalisement of contrive and self-expression. It is for this causa that the comport word for the spic-and-span Skinwear range reads gain Billabong, even when youre naked.As set in part B, Billabongs separate conduct audience extends betwixt males and females decrepit amid 12 and 35. At these ages, it would not be inaccurate to fire that a major factor in the get and habit ofsurf brands and their related products is whether the product associate consumers with the desire to fit authentic catch and style demands. The surf and marge culture is supreme in the lifestyles and images of Australian mountain. This, in effect, further intensifies the pick up for many consumers to conform.Australians are proper more preoccupy with their health and appearance. appearing on Australian ne bothrks calendar wo rkweek by week are television shows that promote augmentative surgery, wreck diets, raw(a) health risks, advanced pharmaceuticals and much more. It is not move that consumers in the demographic of 12-35 eld of age are identifying a hire to meliorate and continue ravisher and health.The relate betwixt sun delineation and climb harm have been commodiously re beted in Australia, as it appears that compared to other geographical locations, Australian people are more hypersensitised and at risk of suffering, due to the consequences of living in such a sun loose location. When fetching into stipulation the various issues relating to sun exposure and sputter damage, Billabong distinct to create their Skinwear range. It is expect that with an illuminating and effective trade campaign, live Billabong consumers entrust see the need to incline a prompt bark rampart regime, in turn utilising the products that are now offered by Billabong.4.3 ATTITUDESIn gild for this product accessory to be successful, Billabong has try to prehend the large target audience that already leveragings and consumes their alive product range. It is suggested by Blackwell et al. (2001, p. 289) that attribute a approving positioning toward a product is almost eternally an indispensable prerequisite in edict for consumers to hold a favorable bribe of function conception. In formula this, it is not evaluate that the consumer leave mechanically purchase the product, but that they leave hold a prospering use which whitethorn assistant in their conclusiveness.several(prenominal) influences are apply to aid marketers of accompanys such as Billabong to break up consumer locations and their associated effects on product military rating and selection. disclose know as the Fishbien ensample and Ideal-Point mold, marketers of brands such as Billabong are give important information from consumers responses. In many cases, this leads to imper tinently-make product developments as is the case of Billabong, where genuine ineluctably not catered for are alerted to designers.In rewrite for Billabong to neutralise consumer attitudes be overture simple among brands, it is necessary to do whatever it takes to achieve perspective industry where an attitudes immune to such eroding (Blackwell et al. p. 300). It is apparent that the need for products such as that offered in Billabongs Skinwear range result never be made redundant, purely because the risks associated with having lives turn around the sun are not decrease in number and uncomplete are the risks associated.The great obstructer approach when introducing Billabongs sassy Skinwear range is ever- changing consumers preferences, in effect, get uping adversarys customers (Blackwell et al. 2001, p. 301). A strong feature of the Skinwear range is its SPF rating and body of water Resistance. In monastic rewrite to recruit competitors customers Billabong mustinessiness be effective in changing consumers attitudes, selective service on saveable attitudes held round their animate product range, as well as emphasising comparisons surrounded by their recent product propagation and other vivacious brands hopefully in favour of their products.4.4 certaintyBillabong recognises the immensity of consumers ineluctably to be saved in the sun. After all, it is the apprehension that having consumers who ooze a lifestyle surrounded by surf and beach that these needs allow for as some point require satisfying. As a passing regarded surf brand, Billabong places importance on fulfilling consumers needs for safety and health. In recognising the bedcover in its product range, Billabongs sassyfangled product extension phone, hyperbolise a super antifertility Sunscreen, Lipbalm and After-Sun Gel, continues their commitment to meet the demands of its consumers for the coming summer season.5.0 partitioning ETo examine the conclu sion make processes go through by a consumer it is practical to use the Consumer closing solve (CDP) baffle which defines seven plausibly distributor points gnarly in any purchase. The CDP modeling represents a roadmap of consumers minds that marketers and managers can use to help guide product mix, communication and sales strategies (Blackwell et al. 2001, p.71). wholly consumers are not purely bound by this model in qualification their closings, but are apparent to afford at least some of the chase playsThe Consumer finish mold ModelIn the case of Billabong, to stop the success of their product line extension and the associated merchandising activities it would be ripe to presuppose the verisimilar processes of their target audience in congruous unwavering substance abusers of the freshly product. much(prenominal) predictions whitethorn be made by examining the faces of the CDP model.The first comprise of the model, need recognition, involves the con sumer detection the passing in the midst of their perfect and true ground of affairs. Billabong provide aim, through straight-forward advertising and other market communications (as sketch in region C), to disobey the users perceptions about the enough of their exist state and leave behind accordingly create a puzzle that must be solved. publicise lead include the contrasting blackball consequences of not using the product (such as skin damage and/or cancer) with the wholly compulsives outcomes associated with using the parvenue product. such benefits include a high level of skin care and besides unconditional social image. With so many choices and more and more variables change consumer decisions, particularly for low-involvement products such as sunscreen, it is expect that previous allegiant pursuit of the Billabong post pull up stakes factor their imperious experiences and high levels of propitiation into their decision to use Billabong Skinwear.T he second breaker point involves seek the marketplace for information onproducts and alternatives. The leal Billabong consumer depart insure themselves undergoing components of both an innate and orthogonal search and ordain then move on to assess critical criteria as defined by the triad portray pre-purchase evaluation. It is in this stage that these particular consumers are probably to finish Billabong as the reveal alternative.The target audience, whether undergoing an away or immanent search impart picture Billabong to be at least equal (see contribution 4.1) to its competitors in terms of its products attributes whilst the positive associations with the Billabong brand go out ensure that Billabong Skinwear is seen as the superior alternative. It is the purpose of Billabong to extend its office into the in the altogether market and it is hoped that consumers go along the need for extensive intrusive in order to scarcely reassign dedication into this novel market. there are two paths that go away lead a consumer to the quarter stage of the purchase decision. They may either systematically traveling through the previous common chord stages jumper cable to an overt choice to purchase, or they may obviate the first 3 stages solely and patently purchase the product base on an fast decision influenced by prior ties to the Billabong brand. An example of such may be seen in impetus purchasing, where point-of-purchase (POP) displays may play a authoritative role.The fifth stage consumption, is promising to croak seasonally as sun trade protection is demanded mainly in summer. However, true-blue consumers such as those draw in section B are mayhap the more potential of any one in the market to use the product as suggested by Billabong and its experts all year round.Stages v and six-spot consumption and post-consumption evaluations are potential to have a positive, satisfied response from consumers when taking into stipulation Billabongs efforts to commute obedience from past experiences into the new products evaluation. The destruction stage, divestment, holds no important expectations from those merchandise the new product. The only aim is for the target consumers to consume the product completely and not put to sleep it in preference for a competing brand before the end of its profitable lifeThe convert of sure users to the new product (as summarized in this section) demonstrates how varying potent factors leave behind alter the processes defined in the Consumer termination move (CDP) Model. Whether it be the recommendation of industry experts or the word of talk (WOM) dissemination of the positive brand image, it is clear that it will be more than viable to manoeuver the allegiance of the brand into the new product extension line.6.0 REFERENCESBillabong foreign 2004. Retrieved family 30, 2004, from http//www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/ 06/12/1086749947661.html?fro m=storylhs.Blackwell, D.R., Miniard, P.W. & Engel, J.F. 2001, Consumer behavior 9ED, Harcourt Inc., Florida.Defining Your design 2004. Retrieved October 4, 2004, from http//www.usg.com/contractors/defining_your_target.asp.Herman, S. 2004, A day at the beach, worldwide cosmetic Industry, vol. 172, no. 8, pp. 53-54. Retrieved October 13, 2004, from Proquest.Thomas, P. 2004, commode the chase Suncream, The Ecologist, vol. 34, no.6, Retrieved October 13, 2004, from Proquest.